Three-dimensional integrated stretchable electronics. Electronic skins and machine learning for intelligent soft robots. A hierarchically patterned, bioinspired e-skin able to detect the direction of applied pressure for robotics. Material-based approaches for the fabrication of stretchable electronics. Highly stretchable, transparent ionic touch panel. A soft, wearable microfluidic device for the capture, storage, and colorimetric sensing of sweat. Skin-inspired highly stretchable and conformable matrix networks for multifunctional sensing. Printable elastic conductors by in situ formation of silver nanoparticles from silver flakes. Highly conductive, stretchable and biocompatible Ag–Au core–sheath nanowire composite for wearable and implantable bioelectronics. Soft, stretchable, fully implantable miniaturized optoelectronic systems for wireless optogenetics. Neuroprosthetic baroreflex controls haemodynamics after spinal cord injury. We expect such a plug-and-play interface to simplify and accelerate the development of on-skin and implantable stretchable devices. As a proof of concept, we use this interface to assemble stretchable devices for in vivo neuromodulation and on-skin electromyography, with high signal quality and mechanical resistance. Encapsulation on soft modules with this interface is strongly adhesive with an interfacial toughness of 0.24 N mm −1. Soft and rigid modules can also be electrically connected using the above interface. Soft–soft modules joined by this interface achieved 600% and 180% mechanical and electrical stretchability, respectively. Its formation is depicted by a biphasic network growth model. The interface, consisting of interpenetrating polymer and metal nanostructures, connects modules by simply pressing without using pastes.
Here, we report a universal interface that can reliably connect soft, rigid and encapsulation modules together to form robust and highly stretchable devices in a plug-and-play manner. To make such a system mechanically compliant, the interconnects between the modules need to tolerate stress concentration that may limit their stretching and ultimately cause debonding failure 15, 16, 17.
These devices typically contain soft modules that match the mechanical requirements in humans 7, 8 and soft robots 9, 10, rigid modules containing Si-based microelectronics 11, 12 and protective encapsulation modules 13, 14. Stretchable hybrid devices have enabled high-fidelity implantable 1, 2, 3 and on-skin 4, 5, 6 monitoring of physiological signals. Nature volume 614, pages 456–462 ( 2023) Cite this article A universal interface for plug-and-play assembly of stretchable devices
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